Nix v. Hedden was the U.S. supreme court decision that made tomatoes a vegetable, at least for tariff purposes. This case involved a lot of dictionaries being read aloud.
Research:
- Baron, Dennis. “Look It Up in Your Funk & Wagnalls : How Courts Define the Words of the Law.” Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America, Volume 43, Issue 2, 2022, pp. 95-144 (Article). https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2022.0015
- Dewey, Caitlin. “The obscure Supreme Court case that decided tomatoes are vegetables.” Washington Post. 10/18/2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/10/18/the-obscure-supreme-court-case-that-decided-tomatoes-are-vegetables/
- Hendrickson, Scott and Jason M. Roberts. “Short-Term Goals and Long-Term Effects: The Mongrel Tariff and the Creation of the Special Rule in the U.S. House.” Journal of Policy History. Vol. 28, No. 2. 2016. doi:10.1017/S0898030616000087
- Hollender v. Magone, 149 U.S. 586 (1893). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/149/586/
- New York Times. “100TH YEAR MARKED BY PRODUCE HOUSE.” 2/22/1939. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/22/96020572.html?pageNumber=40
- Nix, John W. “1795-1895. One hundred years of American commerce … history of American commerce by one hundred Americans, with a chronological table of the important events of American commerce and invention within the past one hundred years.” Chauncey Mitchell Depew, editor. New York, D.O. Haynes, 1895. https://archive.org/details/17951895onehundr02depeuoft/page/n377/
- ROBERTS, JASON M. “The Development of Special Orders and Special Rules in the U.S. House, 1881–1937.” Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 3, 2010, pp. 307–36. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25750388. Accessed 31 May 2023.
- Schafer, Matthew. “The Curious Case of the Green Tomato and the Tax Collector.” Medium. 9/1/2020. https://matthewschafer.medium.com/the-curious-case-of-the-green-tomato-and-the-tax-collector-56ff0a72dc74
- Smith, Andrew F. “Tomato.” Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, edited by Solomon H. Katz, vol. 3, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003, pp. 402-407. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403400575/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=6909ec78. Accessed 25 May 2023.
- Supreme Court of the United States. Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/149/304/
- “Tomato.” Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 Jul. 2018. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2Ftomato%2F72825&ebboatid=9265652. Accessed 25 May. 2023.
- United States Congress. “An act to reduce internal-revenue taxation, and for other purposes.” March 3, 1883.
- United States v. Petix. https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-petix-1
- “Virginia Truck Farms.” From the Portsmouth Star. Fruit Trade Journal and Produce Record. Volume 56. https://books.google.com/books?id=xtlKAQAAMAAJ
- “Yates v. United States.” Oyez, http://www.oyez.org/cases/2014/13-7451. Accessed 25 May. 2023.
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